The Many Themes of William Gibsons Neuromancer :: Neuromancer Essays

William Gibsons Neuromancer is a complex bosh that deals with the future computer technology and the impact on the lives of the dry land citizens. There are themes of love, betrayal, trust, and forbidden knowledge within each of the story lines of the book. These story lines give a kind quality to a reality that is expound as being controlled by computers and technology. Also throughout the book Gibson brings in the ethical and moral values of the debate over what cost globe takes as technology advances. In the early 1900s when Henry Ford first used the automatic conveyor belt it came at the cost of hiring manual persistence to do the job. The usage of the conveyor belt, however, redefined the factory assembly line. As with the previous example, technology comes with the advancement of a culture, but with those advancements come the decline of some snap off of the human aspect of the previous way of life. Sometimes this advancement is for the better and aids the next generati on do more for their culture as wellspring as the world, but there are those advancements that degrade humanity and cause more harm than good for the rest of society. Gibson deals with this debate and brings it into the modern era with insertion of the net profit and World Wide Web in the late 1980s. drive as well as the other characters were faced with the underlying plot of if what they were doing for Wintermute was the ripe affair to do, and how would it effect the rest of society. The underlying tension throughout the entire wise is the fear of who do you trust and who will betray me next. In the rise of the novel Case is exhausting to figure out why a drug lord is looking for him and what will the drug leader do with him. Case accepted a drug shipment from Wage, the drug lord, and has not paid Wage for the drugs. He goes to one of his friends, Julius Deane, to figure out what to do and what Wage is trying to do to Case, and later in the novel Deane becomes a leader i n the mission to sabotage Tessier-Ashpool. There is an incident between Case and Jules as the story develops where Jules has been taken over by Wintermute, and revels to Case that he in fact killed Linda Lee, Cases love.The Many Themes of William Gibsons Neuromancer Neuromancer EssaysWilliam Gibsons Neuromancer is a complex story that deals with the future computer technology and the impact on the lives of the world citizens. There are themes of love, betrayal, trust, and forbidden knowledge within each of the story lines of the book. These story lines give a human quality to a world that is described as being controlled by computers and technology. Also throughout the book Gibson brings in the ethical and moral values of the debate over what cost humanity takes as technology advances. In the early 1900s when Henry Ford first used the automatic conveyor belt it came at the cost of hiring manual labor to do the job. The usage of the conveyor belt, however, redefined the factory a ssembly line. As with the previous example, technology comes with the advancement of a culture, but with those advancements come the decline of some part of the human aspect of the previous way of life. Sometimes this advancement is for the better and aids the next generation do more for their culture as well as the world, but there are those advancements that degrade humanity and cause more harm than good for the rest of society. Gibson deals with this debate and brings it into the modern era with creation of the Internet and World Wide Web in the late 1980s. Case as well as the other characters were faced with the underlying plot of if what they were doing for Wintermute was the right thing to do, and how would it effect the rest of society. The underlying tension throughout the entire novel is the fear of who do you trust and who will betray me next. In the opening of the novel Case is trying to figure out why a drug lord is looking for him and what will the drug leader do with him. Case received a drug shipment from Wage, the drug lord, and has not paid Wage for the drugs. He goes to one of his friends, Julius Deane, to figure out what to do and what Wage is trying to do to Case, and later in the novel Deane becomes a leader in the mission to sabotage Tessier-Ashpool. There is an incident between Case and Jules as the story develops where Jules has been taken over by Wintermute, and revels to Case that he in fact killed Linda Lee, Cases love.

Cyrano De Bergerac :: Cyrano De Bergerac Essays

While reading Cyrano de Bergerac, I found myself often wondering whether or non Cyrano had led a happy life. Actually, I never once wondered that, but that is irrelevant, because Cyranos rapture is the focus of this essay. Was he happy? Truth be told, I cannot say for sure. If we look upon his life, it would seem that he was a bit of a martyr, always sacrificing his happiness for the sake of others. This is belike the case, but I do not believe that he led his life with his happiness as any sort of goal. That will be a defining case in my argument. What I really believe is that he simply did not care about his happiness. In that sense, he did not so much sacrifice it, as he annexed and divided it when he saw fit. To a come on extent, this apathy towards himself probably came from a low self-worth, almost for certain spawned not from his elephantine nose, but the fair maiden Roxanne. Finally, the nose itself, the very icon of de Bergerac, was probably not the problem that Cyrano believed it to be. All of this, however obscure it may seem, is crucial to the question posed of me now. Cyranos happiness was not viewed by him with either a favor or a goal. I cannot believe that Cyrano cared about his own happiness whatsoever. Really, that apathy would probably be the only way that he could emotionally accept his dangerously selfless undertakings. Case in point, his giving of Roxanne to the incredibly undeserving Christian. No real happiness in that action. Roxanne and Christians, maybe, but certainly not his own, and he loved Roxanne. Had Cyrano actually wanted to be happy, the pangs of grief that he would feel as he gave her away would certainly be possessed of ripped him apart. unless if Cyrano convinced himself that he did not care about his own happiness, then it would at least take the edge off of those bitter emotions that surely plagued his disposition whenever he saw his loves face. This triggered diffidence, with all the sacrifice that Cyrano made, may have been the only defense mechanism that he had. Continuing on from Cyranos carelessness for his happiness, we may easily make a jump to his sense of self-worth. Any man who would sacrifice his own love, thus, his entire world, for the sake of his rival cannot have a concern for himself.

HIV and Aids :: Medical Health Medicine Essays

human immunodeficiency virus and Aids In Junior High, when we were in sex education class, we were told about back up and human immunodeficiency virus. We learned that creation HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) positive eventually led to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome), which eventually led to death. We were taught this and never really doubted it. The AIDS pandemic is global and an estimated 40 zillion people are infected. None of them have been cured. The amount of funding for AIDS research is not small. A plentiful amount of drugs are available to patients diagnosed with AIDS or HIV. Some AIDS patients take cocktails of pills, which often lead to serious physical side effects. Some cocktails can mean ingesting 25 pills a day. on that point has been much talk about finding an AIDS Vaccine, but there have been no definite results as of yet. She created a stir in the media when she appeared on ABC News 20/20(1). Her person She ha s been called an unfit mother, a heretic, and has been compared to those who believe the Holocaust never happened. The reason for such a stir is because she is HIV positive, doesnt take any medications whatsoever, questions whether HIV causes AIDS, has published a book called What if Everything You Thought You Knew About AIDS Was Wrong?, has unprotected sex with her husband, has an untested 3 course old son who she breast-fed at birth (the virus can be transmitted in utero, during birth, or through breast feeding), and is pregnant with her randomness child. Her name is Christine Maggiore and she as well as other dissidents have aroused both anger and support from AIDS and HIV communities. The difference between being HIV positive and having AIDS is that having AIDS means that a person must be HIV positive and either have a T-cell sum up below 200 or have one of the CDCs (Center for Disease Control) 28 opportunistic infections. Christine Maggiore started questioning the conne ction between HIV and AIDS and the HIV and AIDS testing process when certain things she was told about AIDS and HIV did not add up with her situation. She speaks about how she started really thinking about what AIDS doctors and educators told me rather than just accepting everything as true and correct. Doctors had told her that from her T cell count, she had a recent new infection.

Nursing - Unprofessional Conduct :: Nursing Essays

Nursing - Unprofessional ConductUnprofessional Conduct according to the Arkansas State Board of Nursing is detailed in ASBN Rules and Regulations, Chapter 7, Section XV, 6. The voice states the following conduct are considered unprofessional. Failing to assess, evaluate, and intervene, Incorrect documentation, Missappropriation of residents property, Medication and Treatment errors, Performing or attempting to perform procedures that the moderate is untrained to do, Violating confidentiality. Neglect/Abuse or failure to report these incidents, Failing to report violations or attempted violations to the ASBN, Inappropriate delegation of duties, Failing to supervise, Practicing when unfit.To report alleged violations to the ASBN. The soul reporting must ordain the complaint in writing and send to the ASBN. Anyone can report violations to the ASBN but Nurses are obligated to report to the ASBN. When reporting they want the sentinel event or the violation and patterns of behavior of the individual. The written complaint must contain Who, What, When, Where.What is Abandonment? According to the ASBN abandonment is broken down into two categories patient abandonment and melodic phrase abandonment. Patient abandonment is the nurse taking the assignment and establishing a nurse-patient relationship then severing that nurse-patient relationship without giving reasonable notice to the appropriate person (supervisor, employer) so that arrangements can be made for continuation of nursing care by others. The employer may have another meaning of abandonment, staying over shifts when there is no relief, making the nurse work on scheduled off days. These situations are not governed by ASBN and are not punishable. The employer can fire you for these offenses though.The ABSN have peck guidelines for convictions for crimes that bar you from holding license in the state of Arkansas. These convictions are as stated. Capital murder, murder 1st and 2nd degree, battery 1st degree , sexual impropriety/assault, incest, child pornography, offenses against the family, felony adult abuse, theft of property, promotion of prostitution 1st degree, stalking, arson, endangering the welfare of a minor 1st degree, aggravated robbery, terrorist threatening 1st degree, kidnapping, robbery, violations of uniform controlled substances act. If an nurse that is convicted of one of these crimes may voluntarily surrender there license. When the court requirements are met the convicted nurse may submit a demand for a wavier. With the waiver request the nurse must provide evidence that thee court order has been met, rehabilitation, and provide letters of reference.

Critique on Kirstie laird :: essays papers

Critique on Kirstie lairdOrange GirlI chose to critique and analyze the workings of Kirstie Laird. I liked the variety of her works, and the bright, brilliant colors in most of them. I think the one that fascinated me most, however, was Marionette beca practice it didnt have any(prenominal) of the orange colors or motifs prominent in her other works. This puzzled me, since the title of her showing was Orange Girl and e truly other picture in the showing fit the title well.I found Lairds works quite similar to those of Judy Dater. Their finished products arnt too similar for the most part, only their reasons for the pictures they take are nearly identical. Lairds series investigates the ways in which we define ourselves through social roles, dress and physical markers, both natural and applied. This sounds very much like what Dater wishes to convey in her self-portrait sequence in which she dressed and posed herself as stereotypes of certain kinds of women. Both women take special pains to use themselves as models (not an easy feat, I know from experience). Not only that, they change costumes and props in every picture to convey the character they are becoming. In a sense, they are actresses, and from each one picture is a separate role for them. How well they fit the roles? That is a matter of opinion. I found each role they wished to convey was portrayed quite well. As different as each ladies style is, I still found some pictures I vista were quite similar in many respects.Lairds Kitchen and Daters Ms. Clingfree were two pictures I thought were similar. If you laid the two side by side, you would see zipper in them that was remotely similar. One is of a young attractive housewife sitting on the kitchen counter, cheerily showing off the fruit bowl. The other is of an former(a) housewife, perhaps one who has been married many years and is starting to feel the stress taking its toll on her. In that sense, the pictures are of the same i ndividual (a housewife) as she goes through the years. Laird shows her when she is happily married and everything is sunny and bright. Dater shows the woman after the years have taken their toll and she is tired of it all.

Critique on Kirstie laird :: essays papers

Critique on Kirstie lairdOrange GirlI chose to critique and analyze the works of Kirstie Laird. I liked the variety of her works, and the bright, fantabulous colors in most of them. I think the one that fascinated me most, however, was Marionette because it didnt have any of the orange colors or motifs self-aggrandizing in her other works. This puzzled me, since the title of her showing was Orange Girl and every other picture in the showing fit the title well.I found Lairds works quite similar to those of Judy Dater. Their finished products arent too similar for the most part, but their reasons for the pictures they take are nearly identical. Lairds series investigates the ways in which we define ourselves through social roles, dress and physical markers, both natural and applied. This sounds very much like what Dater wishes to convey in her self-portrait sequence in which she dressed and posed herself as stereotypes of certain kinds of women. Both women take special pains to use themselves as models (not an easy feat, I write out from experience). Not only that, they change costumes and props in every picture to convey the character they are becoming. In a sense, they are actresses, and each(prenominal) picture is a separate role for them. How well they fit the roles? That is a matter of opinion. I found each role they wished to convey was portrayed quite well. As different as each ladies style is, I still found some pictures I thought were quite similar in some respects.Lairds Kitchen and Daters Ms. Clingfree were two pictures I thought were similar. If you laid the two side by side, you would see nothing in them that was remotely similar. One is of a young attractive housewife sitting on the kitchen counter, cheerily showing off the fruit bowl. The other is of an older housewife, perhaps one who has been espouse many another(prenominal) years and is starting to feel the stress taking its toll on her. In that sense, the pictures are of the same person (a housewife) as she goes through the years. Laird shows her when she is happily married and everything is sunny and bright. Dater shows the woman after the years have taken their toll and she is tired of it all.

Campbell and Bailyn’s Boston Office Essay

Executive summary This case was about issues that Ken Winston, the regional function music director Campbell and Bailyns Boston Office faced with as a result of the two recent changes in organizational structure and procedure circumspection system to react to the dynamic of the industry and mart. The issues created by these two changes were process complication, limitation in competitive advantages, and discouragement on internal collaboration. We recommend Winston to plight hombre and gross gross revenue specialist squad, define measureable goals to severally individual, set up integrity joint organizational goal and make it as part of the performance assessment and hold more company events to encourage collaboration and affinity. With this dissolving agent, Winston go away be able to ease the process, build stronger gross sales police squad, maintain market share, take a crap sales, maintain benefit and create better and healthy working environment within the or ganization.1. Situation analysisCampbell and Bailyn (C & B), found in the early 1900s and based in New York, was wholeness of the five largest investment bank in the worlds. The firm has good reputation and was doing well in all segments of the investment banking industry. Within the firm, the bind division, which had been the fastest growing unit, had eight regional sales offices around the world. later New York, the Boston office was the largest. Due to the size and the revenue volume, Boston sales group was often used as a bellwether not only for unused fruits but also for management ideas. Ken Winston, the office head, had a ache history and profound experience in bond sales, was appointed in 2003 to be the Boston regional manager with the belief by the senior manager to be the laster and coach to build and grow the local sales aggroup. During the past 10 years, the banking industry changed dramatically. More players came. More merchandises were created to cope with dif ferent demands in the market place. It was severeer to sell to maintain volume. It was required more bandwidth and better understanding on a more complicated debt instrument to survive. In addition, margin was shrunk payable to entrance of low-service, low-price brokers.For those higher-margin products, it was required deepknowledge and expertise to market and make the sale. In early 2007, the financial crisis and the meltdown in the mortgage-backed securities market directly squeeze to the sales pressure in the C & B and Boston office. Winston had to make two strategic changes in order to maintain the sales growth and bring more effectively. The first move was to create the key account squad quat. Legacy, the five generalists in the taxable bond division sold the entire product line and managed their own list of guests. Winston had combined these generalists and depute each of them to a specialty sub-segment of the firms product offerings. The goal was to enhance the sales police squad expertise on product details and focus each individual on just ane area with in-depth knowledge. Changing from maintaining their sales on customer wise to product wise, they shared their customers, for the first sentence. For the past several months, there are certain number of customers enjoyed this new change as they see the new sales aggroup up more invaluable. Yet there were customers unhappy and perceived it as more complication. Also, some sales heap found it complicated themselves on those large and multiproduct trades given the number of large number that needed to be involved. Another bigger concern of Winston was the limitation on the natural salesmanship of his sight due to this specialization.The min change was to implement new performance management system, called multisource appraisal. The performance review was no longer the combination of sales volume and own manager assessments. It was consequently a mixture of several factors which included peer review and feedback from traders, product manager, researchers, sales, profits and manager observations. This change aimed to better the collaborations between regional sales force and cross functional teams as well as encourage the sales team to improve gross margin and profit. After the several months of change, there was an up-tick in profit margin. However, there was a risk of losing sales volume with gross margin focus. Besides, the sales team expressed their frustration. They recognized the potential of being scrutinized by other functions as part of their performance management review Below was the Boston office structure before and after the change Before After2. Problem DiagnosisPreparing for the annual year-end meeting, Winston had to present on thesenew two changes. Observing customer reactions, hearing comments directly from his sales team, he knew intelligibly the strength and weakness of the new changes. The new KAT team formation did provide value to some custom er, yet, it created confusion, more work and complication at twain customer end and C & B sales team end. Customer had to deal with multi people instead of a single contact point. More people were required to be involved in large deal. More calls and meeting were needed. The decision of introducing the KAT team had missed the booking and input from the specialist team who were experts on specialty product. Fair process believed engagement not only croakd managements respect for individual and their ideas but also encouraged refutation sharpened everyones thinking and built collective wisdom (6). There were lack of collaborations and a smooth process within the organization. In addition, the sales team spent more time in house to figure out the new process and fulfill its requirements rather than spent time to meet and restrain customers which was used to be key part of their job and potential source of generating more deals and sales. They lost their connection with customer. C allahan, who was appointed as the nominal head of KAT team, received comments from one of his major accounts, Ashland Capital, expressed the concern on the reducing engaging between the sales and customer since the change was in place. Moreover, the fact that each individual was given a specialty limited his/her natural salesmanship.This specialization might also lead to a siloed organization structure which was definitely not the strategy. Michael Goold and Andrew Campbell stated that in formulating a strategy and organizational design, a company had to address two factors which were identifying the right market and defining the right methodological analysis to earn the an advantage over competitors in those market (6). Many companies ended up with impeding the market strategy rather than furthering it while doing the organizational design changes. wiz of the failures was to create divisions among units that make it difficult to operate and increase competitive advantages (6). As the members of the KAT team could not sell other product lines outside their assigned specialty, it was difficult for them to expand their customer base. This was not patronful to compete with other competitors. With new compensation system, the organization faced the risk of losing volume sales as well as creating an inner warfare among the team members and unhealthy working environmentbetween cross functional teams.Since the performance was based on profit, the sales team would rather choose to close a small deal with high gross margin rather than large deal with moderate margin. compeer feedback was part of the review narrowed the culture sharing between coworkers. People were more conservative. This failed the purpose of bridging the knowledge gap between sales and product. Besides, since inside relationship and performance were then important, the sales people cared less about their clients and ignore the element of customer service that was a prior differentiator. The new KAT team and performance management system created process complication for both customer and sales people, risk of losing sales volume, risk of losing competitive advantages, and failure to foster the sales team expertise and build an effective operation process within the organization. These issues had to be fixed in order to win customer satisfaction, gain market share and build a well-organized and well-functional organization.3. Alternative solutionsSolution 1 Merge key account team and specialist teamTeam up KAT and specialist into one small team. Move sales specialist from specialist team to be pair with each KAT member to create team for product specialization. Table below shows the new suggested structure.ProsThis combination exiting create more energy and synergy for each specialty sub segments product. KAT team volition receive additional validates from sales specialist especially specialist coffin nail provide insight in term of how to handle deal from product speci alization perspective. It also allows sales KAT team to have more time and bandwidth to target new customer and maintain relationship with key customer accounts. Sales specialist will have an opportunity to deal with bigger accounts which helps them to better their account managing skill and build relationship with major customers. ConsChanges after changes will create more confusion to both customer and internal team. KAT member and sales specialist will need to spend a troop of time unneurotic in order to understand both side and be shine team. This change requires an absolute support and alignment between the two teams which ishard to guarantee. Just ilk every merger, it may run into the risk of having resistance from inside. Sales specialist may not be willing to provide support to KAT because it creates more work for them. They will have to spend time and effort to learn about the new major accounts. If this change does not come with clear direction and well-defined implemen tation plan, it may make the situation worse. Solution 2 Add more resource to KAT and increase engagement from both team and customer Hire more people to provide the team more support and help. sensation sub segment product undersurface have one main specialist and one helper. Implement regular inspection and feedback sessions from both the team and major clients. ProsWith the helper, the main KAT specialist like Callahan, Jenifer, and John can spend more time on customer relationship structure and find new customers. Regular feedback within internal team and from customer side will discover smooth process and customer satisfaction ConsHard to find the right bond sales people. At that time of the economics, it was difficult to recruit bond sales people. This type of job required very unique skill set and characteristics. Candidates had to be outgoing, extremely self-motivated and street smart. sign time for new members to learn and adopt the new environment. It would be a while before these new people, if they can be found, can be on board and helpful. This is not a good timing as these issues need be immediately addressed Solution 3 Multi approachesEngage specialist to support KAT member in term of process. Improve the performance management system by defining more measurable goals for each individual. Add one common team goal to encourage collaboration and information sharing. Hold more internal events to build the teamwork environment and bridge the gap of internal relationship. ProsWith the help of sales specialist, KAT member can reduce some time on the process and administrative work to spend time on building relationships with their clients above and beyond the details of the job. Measurable goals for each individual will reduce the risk of inner warfare. Weigh the salesvolume and sales profit equally will boost the sales volume again. Common team goal will present the threat of sales member keep information for herself/himself because he/she is af raid of others will take the rule and perform better. If 20% of the compensation will be depended on the whole organization financial performance, the sales people will help each other, sharing information and customer relationship so that they can all earn this metric. This is a great methodology to inspire people to contribute to one common goal. Additional internal events such(prenominal) as summer outing, weekend retreat, team informal get together help to bring people together. They can talk, share and reduce the resistance between employee when it comes to time of asking for help or support from each other. Cons challenge of getting support from sales specialist. They can refuse due to lack of bandwidth. This may very well happen because supporting KAT is not one of their performance metrics. Winston will need to work very closely with his team on defining those measureable goals in order to prevent confusion. Employee needs to understand understandably the details of their g oals, the benefit on achieving them and how to get there. Additional events add cost to expense. If the employee can not get the benefit from them, it is just wasting time, money and efforts. 4. Recommended solutionSolution 3 Multi approachesThis solution is a combination of several approaches to tackle those different issues caused by the new two changes. Support from sales specialist will better the business process and ease the workload for both KAT and customer. Loss of sales volume and inner warfare are addressed by defined measurable goals. Setting one common goal as part of individual performance metrics establishes win-win situation. It builds the connection among all sales people and prevents the risk of loss sales due to self-performance competition. In addition, this step will solve the issue of limitation on salesmanship when converting to sell on specialization. The sales people can still discuss and work with customer on other product line and then pass the opportunity on to the right person. Again, one member win also means the whole team wins. Winston needs to work closely with both KAT and sales specialist team to ensure the willingness to support from thesales specialist team. He needs to make sure both side can see the benefit and agree on the futurity path. Individual goals for each member have to be a compromised. Each of employees needs to agree on goals set up for them. Winston also needs to communicate clearly on the goal and approach.There should be also an action plan for each member set up between Winston and each team member clearly defined how and what to reach the goals. The important factors of this change are good decision making on what needs to be done and good implementation plan on how to get it done. Paul Rogers and Marcia stated that decisions that drive the business execution are as crucial as strategic decisions (8). do sure the organization operates effectively is as important as wining more customers and beating comp etitors. How organization is run will determine how many sales it can get and how well it can sustain and grow. Lastly, company events are silk hat practice, create family-like working environments and foster the company culture. According to Rob Goffee and Garet Jones, some of the best ways to increase sociability within organization are to hold employee gatherings inside and outside office (147). It is important to make sure these events enjoyable so that they can create own positive, self-reinforcing dynamic.5. Implementation planHold meeting to communicate the new plan to whole bond sales division. There will need to be a formal meeting to announce the plan, as well as communicate what employee may expect from the manager and what manager will expect from the employee Schedule individual meeting with each of KAT team member to set up measurable individual goals Set up the common company goal and formally announce it the whole team After the first meeting, schedule one on one me eting to follow up. One on one meeting is very important since it keep the connection between manager and employee. Also, it keep track with employee status and also provide chance for both to raise and hear feedback from each other Identify event calendar and publicly communicate. Determine major company event days such as summer outing, end of year party, etc and put it up as company calendar.Preference1. Michael Goold and Andrew Campbell Blenko. Do you have a well-designed organization. March 2002. Boston MA Harvard Business School Publishing 2.Cham Kim, W and Mauborgne, (2003) Fair process. Harvard Business Review 3. Paul Rogers and Marcia Blenko (2006). Who has the D, January 2006. Boston MA Harvard Business Review 4. Rob Goffee and Garet Jones (1996). What holds the raw company together. Harvard Business Review

Electronic Communication Essay

The effect of electronic chat on everyday publication has increased the impact of great deal chat, the convert from verbally talking face to face and receiving and sending important things quicker. Some of the earliest forms of colloquy devices included runners and pigeons. With these dialogue devices, a message could take weeks out front reaching its destination. Thanks to technology, all you have to do these days is send an email and your message will reach its destination within minutes. Email, social networking websites, secondment messaging, cell telecommunicates and blogs are a few examples of communication devices that have been made possible by technology. Communication utilizing technology is referred to as talk terms communication. Talking on a cell phone, sending an email and reflection television all require a technological element to deliver the message. Technology is constantly offer new methods for communication therefore the amount of intercede communicati on in our lives is expanding. The term mass communication refers to any message that is shared with a self-aggrandising audience. (Lane). The message may be limited to a specific time or accessible over a large time period. Frequently, mass communication requires the use of some form of technology, especially for enduring messages. However, talk terms communication is not always mass communication. Talking on a cell phone or sending a personal email does not involve providing a large number of people with a message. Receiving a mass email, watching the news or visiting an Internet site are all examples of mediated communication that is also mass communication. This has resulted in the emergence of the term mediated mass communication. Media convergence plays an important role in the evolution of mass communication. Media convergence occurs when established forms of communication technology merge to create new technologies whirl new methods of communication. The advent of the Inte rnet allowed newspapers and magazines to merge with computer technology to increase the frequency and ease of reporting information to readers.E-readers, such as Amazons Kindle, combine the medium of books with both electronic display technology and cell phone-based Internet technology to offer convenient new methods of reading. As forms of media converge, previously unprocurable methods for communication emerge, changing the way we send and receive messages. Every day we are exposed to numerous sources of mass communication. Television, billboards, Internet advertisements and various other sources of mediated mass communication pervade our lives daily. Due to this level of immersion, many communication scholars have studied the potential effects of media consumption on the lives of viewers. Two areas of profess emerged through these studies cultures and individuals. George Gerbners Cultivation theory states that extensive exposure to television programming leads to cultures beli eving in increased violence and crime. Going further into heathenish studies, critical media theorists believe that mass communication messages reinforce repressive ideas of power over those exposed to them. Theories regarding individual exposure to media tend to address the role viewers play in the message exchange. Uses and Gratifications theory maintains that we, as media consumers, have a choice over the media we consume and, therefore, exert power over what mass communication exists. Agenda Setting theory places more power over the media provider, suggesting that those providing the media message can determine what is considered important in our lives. Frequent examples of mediated mass communication in our lives, as well as theories that suggest the powerful effect they have on our lives, require us to be more discerning consumers of mediated mass communication. Considering the message, the technology being used to communicate it, the sources of the message and ourselves as t he audience are all critical to successfully receiving mediated mass communication messages while minimizing the potential for harmful effects on our lives. Technology will continue to move forward, and with it so will the methods we have for communicating. The onset of social networking technologies ushered in another era of communication in our lives, not only increasing the ways that we can communicate with each other, but increasing the opportunities we have for receiving mass communication messages. As technology evolves, our society will continue to develop new ways to convey messages to each other. Taking time to consider the effects of technology on our ability to communicate, and the potential influences those methods will have on our lives, is crucial as we move forward.

Racial self loathing in The Bluest Eye Essay

In The Bluest Eye, author Toni Morrison builds a story around the concept of racial self-hatred and how it comes to exist in the mind of a young child. The Bluest Eye deals directly with the individual psychology of the main char speller, Pecola Breedlove. So intense ar Pecolas feelings of self-loathing and inferiority that she would do anything to soothe them. In her young mind, she needs a miracle she needs the blue devilishst eyes. All of the tragedies in this novel washbasin be directed posterior to unrivaled main issue, albuminness as a standard of beauty. This belief that white sets the standards for beauty is a major factor to the racial self-loathing, which occurred in the States in the past as well as today. The show of racism through white beauty, and the desires of the black society to acquire this beauty, led to the destruction of many a(prenominal) characters in this watchword.The Bluest Eye provides a description of the ways in which internalized white beauty s tandards disfigure the lives of black girls and women. Obvious messages that whiteness is superior are everywhere, for subject the white baby doll given to Claudia, the praising of Shirley Temple, the fact that the light-skinned Maureen is cuter than the other black girls, the idealization of white beauty in the movies, and Pauline Breedloves preference for the little white girl she works for over her daughter. Adult women, having learned to hate the blackness of their own bodies, take this hatred out on their children Mrs. Breedlove shares the conviction that Pecola is ugly.The lighter-skinned Geraldine also curses Pecolas blackness. Claudia remains free from this worship of whiteness, but she does realize that society does, imagining Pecolas unborn baby as beautiful in its blackness. Morrison describes Claudias rage against this belief, composition at the same time, shows the other characters being enveloped by this nonsense. This standard of beauty quarter be seen throughout t he novel. But the book hints that once Claudia becomes older, she too will learn to hate herself, as if racial self-loathing was a necessity to be mature.Through the dark-skinned Pecola, Morrison constructs her as hiding her straight feelings form everyone in the novel. Yet although Pecola hardly meets thephysical qualifications of light skin and good hair, she does possess the key emotional characteristics, which is a desire for white countenance and an increasing breakup from the black community but not from her family. Ensuring that we do not miss her point Morrison introduces a high-yellow dream child named Maureen Peal (Morrison 52). Its the light-skinned Maureen who reveals Pecolas connection with the traditional self-hating black. The person who suffers most from white beauty standards is, of course, Pecola. She connects beauty with being loved and believes that if she possesses blue eyes, the cruelty in her action will be replaced by affection and respect. To Pecola, blue eyes symbolize the beauty and happiness that she associates with the white, middle-class world. They also come to symbolize her own blindness, for she gains blue eyes only at the cost of her sanity.Beauty and ugliness form the basis of black self-loathing. In simplest terms, blackness is linked to ugliness and therefore inferiority, while beauty is seen as a characteristic found only in whites. Also, white beauty becomes parallel with purity, and Pecolas father Cholly imagines God as a nice old white man, with long white hair, flowing white beard, and little blue eyes (Morrison 134). Of the few whites that appear in The Bluest Eye, none can even approach this idealized white beauty. White beauty, therefore, exists as an ideal and not a reality, a goal to which even white people can only hope. Morrison portrays this impossibility by adding the Dick and Jane passages showing what white people as well as black people should aspire to. They should live and act how the characters of Dic k and Jane do, but it is evidential that it is impossible.The men in the story react to the racial self-hatred in different ways. Cholly believes what all blacks think of race the whiter you are the more beautiful you are. By all rights, we should hate him, given that he rapes his daughter. But Morrison explains in her afterword that she did not want to destroy her characters, even those who destroy one another, and she succeeds in making Cholly a sympathetic figure. He has experienced much suffering, having been abandoned as a baby and having suffered humiliation at the hands of white men.He is also capable of pleasure and even joy, inthe experience of eating a watermelon or touching a girl for the depression time. He is capable of violence but is also vulnerable, as when two white men violate him by forcing him to perform sexually for their am holdment and when he defecates in his pants after encountering his father. Cholly represents a negative form of freedom. He is not free to love and be loved, but he is free to obtain sex and fight and even kill. He falls apart when this freedom becomes a complete lack of interest in life, and he reaches for his daughter to move himself that he is alive.Soaphead Churchs family is proud of its white heritage and light skin and thinks of itself as superior to darker skinned and less educated blacks. He is a religious hypocrite light skinned Indian who hates all kind of human touch but the one of touching little girls. Being a pedophile he gives little girls money and candy for him to touch them. He believes that he is religiously higher than everyone and compared himself to god once he helps Pecola get her blue eyes. He is a very malignant character that will go through anything to prove to himself and others that he is better then them because of race and because of his actions.In conclusion racial self-loathing corrodes the lives of the characters from The Bluest Eye. Characters such as Cholly, Maureen, and Soaphead church abused Pecola. To recognize themselves in Pecola is to show their own degradation. Desperate to avoid this painful truth, blacks localize as much distance between themselves and Pecola by humiliating her. Yet in the process of victimizing Pecola, they also victimize themselves and their race by contributing to the use of racial self-hatred.

Outline and evaluate research into the nature of relationships Essay

A further difference found in the nature of relationships crosswise cultures is the level of continuity. Western societies comm single thrive for change and progress, and so relationships also inevitably undergo change. Because of this, relationships within Western cultures be usually discontinuous and only fleeting. In many Eastern cultures, they have a high regard for heritage and ancestry. Unlike in Western cultures, change is not so quickly accepted. Non-Western cultures emphasise the idea of continuity and so relationships are often permanent.An anaesthetise with this theory is that Western cultures have only recently been more accepting of temporary relationships. In the 1950s, womens roles changed dramatically, and they since have had more of a choice within relationships. Since contraception also was introduced, women have gained greater freedom to participate in relationships as this makes the burden of a child optional. This has made break ups and divorces a lot more ac ceptable in the Western world.This recent change may consider that the differences between Western and Non-Western societies may not be down to the culture itself but due to the social mobility and urbanisation of the family. This makes conclusions taken from this theory hard to generalise, as it may not even be a correct representation of Western and Non-Western culture. You cannot define a culture by its level of urbanisation. There are many distinct differences between relationships in different cultures, as highlighted by various psychological studies and theories.The main similarity in these is that they usually result in relationships being categorised by being Western or Non-Western. Although these categories are commonly used to describe cultural relationships within psychology, a major issue with this is that it makes the study or theory reductionist. This is because it suggests that all relationships can be broken down into two simple components. Reducing relationships i nto these two simple categories poses the danger of many factors of relationships being disregarded.Individual differences of those involved will massively shape their behaviour within the relationship. For example, some people who live in a Western society may still choose to undergo an arranged marriage (and vice versa), depending on their preferences. Because of this, it is hard to generalise conclusions from these studies/theories to a wider society as they dont necessarily represent the entire demographic. Drawing such conclusions can leave them susceptible to abuse and manipulation, which could be seen as forms of racism. This can be considered as unethical.

Jose Rizal Essay

It is common knowledge that Dr. Jose Rizal is the Philippine National Hero who chose to fight the battle with his quills, paved the way for our independence and died doing so. However, it has always been delightful to learn things that werent discussed on classrooms and lectures, to divulge facts that make a famous character seem like just the rest of us. So here be 10 fun facts that most Filipinos might not know about Rizal.1.Jose Pepe Rizal was bullied as a kid. As a kid. Rizal was too small for his age and do him a target of Pedros bullying, insulting Pepe in front of the other students at the school of Maestro Justiniano Cruz. Equipped with his Uncle Miguels teachings about the art of wrestling, Rizal challenged Pedro to a fistfight. Rizal won and became popular as he proved himself a worthy opponent.2.Jose Rizal wrote his first poem at the age of 8. Entitled Sa Aking Mga Kababata To My Fellow Youth. And it depicts ones fervent love for his native language and asking his own g eneration to embrace it like we all should.3.Rizal was a Hyperpolyglot. He mastered 22 languages Filipino, Ilokano, Bisayan, Subanon, Latin, Spanish, Greek, English, French, German, Arabic, Malay, Sanskrit, Hebrew, Dutch, Catalan, Japanese, Italian, Chinese, Portugese, Swedish and Russian.4.Rizal was addressed by his European lover as the little bad boy. It is not a secret that Jose Rizal had his way with women. And on the series of earn that were discovered to be love messages for Rizal, a Belgian woman named Suzanne wrote There will neer be any home in which you are so loved as that in Brussels. So, you little bad boy, hurry back. Now, who can resist giggling on this information?5.He was accepted as one of the few conversion man in the world. A man who had broad intellectual interest. He was an anthropologist, ethnologist, ophthalmologist, novelist, sociologist, educator, economist, architect, engineer, sculptor, painter, playwright, historian, journalist, farmer, dramatist, m artial artist, and a cartographer, among other things.6.Rizal liked playing the lottery. And he won third base of the grand prize of Php 18,000.00 with ticket number 9736. He gave a portion to his start, a friend in Hong Kong and he spent the rest buying rustic lands in Talisay.7.Rizal jovially pinched his students who cant answer his queries. During his exile in Dapitan, he was able to establish a school, he had 21 pupils who were never asked to pay for tuition but was required by Rizal to work for the community.8.Rizal is believed to be the reincarnation of Jesus Christ. There is a religious sect in Calamba Laguna, Rizalista, utilise to be known as Iglesia ng Watawat ng Lahi Banner of the Race Church. They combine religion and patriotism and believe that the execution in Bagumbayan was just a arrange that he had to endure to be in the presence of God. They also believe that Rizal is still alive and lives deep in the forest of Mount Makiling.9.Rizal was rumored to be the fathe r of Adolf Hitler. Because of his famed reputation as a Casanova, it was believed that he was involved with a beautiful woman living somewhere in the border of Germany and Austria. Funny how Filipino imagination wanders.10.Moments before his death, Rizal was reported to remain in a tranquil state. Before his execution, Dr. Felipe Ruiz Castillo took his vital signs and was surprised to confirm that his pulse rate was normal. Rizal was indeed train and unafraid of his fate.

Proposal Preventing School Dropout Essay

IntroductionCurrently, it is expected that all students should graduate from high school. Still, hundreds of students in Ameri roll in the hay schools drop off of school before graduating. Many observations made understandably show that more students continue to drop out of schools and the goal ensuring that each student graduate from high school remains a pipe dream.It is neat clear that the issues of students dropping out of school are related with the friendly and economic issues affecting the society and can not be dealt with sepa straddlely. These social-economical issues include unemployment, poverty, social values, discrimination family, the welfare, drug abuse and child abuse. Students who drop out of school are forecasted to increase in future and create a bigger problem. falling out of school is a multifaceted problem of which there is no single solution for it. Putting emphasis on solving one element of the issue leads to the need of getting solutions for other relat ed issues. Thus, that is why that a broad range of activities and agencies be involved to help solve the problem.The mission for schemeHaving a mission statement is very distinguished as it gives the proposal a direction and objectives and goals of the stated activities. The mission statement is Ensuring that all students in schools graduates finished creating partnership with schools, students, the union and all the stakeholders.How the proposals go is structuredHaving a clear structure of the proposal is very important in ensuring that proposed run are productive delivered. Accordingly, the proposal services pass on be structured in way that there is a division depending on the different services. Different divisions go away demand out different services accordingly. For example, outreach chopine division, financing division and vocational training division.The resource path for proposalFinancial resources homophile resource is important in implementing any proposals. In accordance to that the proposal get out be financed from grants and aids from private or public bodies including the local government and the federal governments. The human resources will include professional who will pop off as volunteers and other social workers who will assist the in implementing the objectives and the goals suggested by the proposal. Individual who will head for the hills out this proposal will be social workers, child workers professional, and psychologists. They will do this through conducting group sessions, taking with teachers concerned with students learning progress, doing parenting focussing and carrying out training skills in students homes.The content of proposal servicesIt has been noted that any meaningful student dropout stripe designme should offer strong educational alternatives, challenges, opportunities services and conduct to the students to assist them to be able to complete and graduate from their respective schools.For the purpos e of this proposal program, the key areas that the proposal has identified areaccountablyInstructional directionCommunity involvementSchool structureRelevancy and learningThe above issues when well utilise will provide both the students and their parents with a holistic access code to motivate students to be able to complete school.The agency will coordinate its activities with schools, districts, students, parents and the whole community in carrying out its activities. This will ensure that the agency creates an hard-hitting school dropout prevention program. The agency will provideProfessional improvement activitiesTechnical assistanceCounsellingFinancial assistanceThe content of proposal servicesAny successful program to prevent students from dropping out of school has to use various strategies to run on students procurements. I strongly thus suggest that the pursuance programs establish to be implemented in the program.Relevancy learning This program has the ability to mo tivate a student to learn, the strategies provides a chance for the student to fuse more with the school and the community. The strategy will involveMentoring the student where the student will be mentored by a mentor and be provided with academic support which address the student needs such as math, writing or reading competencies.Service learning this aspect connects school learning to important community services and lie withs. This will provide the student with real world situations and promote the student social, personal and academic growth. Civil responsibility and career development will similarly be covered here.Alternative schooling this strategy provides students who may want to dropout with various options which can make the graduate from school. Such options includes, flexible scheduling, outdo learning and technology and different program setting.How agency will link with proposal The proposal will be linked with the agency through the management and the outreach p rogram. The program proposal will be carried out by the outreach program which will have a duty of implementing the proposal policies. Partnerships with other agencies with same objectives will be sought to ensure that proposal is well linked.How proposal services will be linked to communitiesCommunity participation in any program that involves the society as a whole is very important. Connecting the students to the community at large helps to remove what is seen as the school barrier and assists in providing chances for complete support and planning. It motivates the students towards their career advancement and participation. It also provides the students with the necessary interpersonal and social skills to make them be successful in life. Several strategies will have to be undertaken to achieve this goal, this areSystemic renewal it calls for involving the community and other stake holders in regular process of assessing the objectives and in planning, and formulating policies t o prevent students from dropping out of the school. This will also require using the available data, analysing the school system and evaluating the progress made by the students.Community collaboration community collaboration is beneficial to both the students and the school community. This will help to put up strong infrastructure ad also support the teaching staff with the current complex objectives and goals for the current students. participation resolution an all-inclusive program to build interpersonal skills, enhance conflict resolution ability, and building awareness to prevent violence highly promotes the success of dropout prevention program. Conflict resolution creates an enabling environment and for the young youths (students) to achieve in the society.How you will see implementation of proposalFor this proposal to be useful, it has to be implemented by the responsible bodies. Thus, the proposal suggest that the school have principals will have to implement strategies in their schools as suggested in the proposal. The district education plank will ensure that the proposals are being carried out correctly. It will be expected that the implementation of the proposals will be done immediately. At the same beat the community will be educated through social workers on importance on school dropout programs.Personal effective carrying out retreat program designed to improve students self esteem, through regular classroom- based discussion, participation on interpersonal relations, and individual counselling.Academic this will be achieved by providing special educational courses, instruction methods that are individualized.Family outreach this will include home visits and feedback strategies.Work related this program strategy will involve vocational training, service program and partaking in volunteer service.To ensure that the proposal program is carried out effectively, there will be a project coordinator who will work together with different groups to coordinate activities for effective implementationEvaluating the uphold of proposal service on the people you intend to benefit from your proposalTo analyse the potential of the proposed program, regular reviews of the number students attendance will be examine in specific schools where the program will be being carried out to analyze the impact of the program. The assessment will be based on measuring the percentage of dropout in schools that have carried out the proposal suggestions. Other measures as the impact of rate of school attendance will also be measured, to ascertain the counselling and interpersonal training effects of the program on the specific students.Emphasizing the wise reasoning for each of the nine recurring policy issues To support the policies of the proposal research and studies finding will be used. Also practical field experience will be collected and data complied to support the measures of the proposed policies. The results of the proposed proposals fr om the field will be used to emphasize the measures taken. This will be supported by interviews from participants and from the schools where the program will be carried out.Social work ethical dilemmas does your proposal recognize and addressThe proposal recognizes the social issue of keeping research information hidden and protecting participants of in the program. All participants observation notes, responses and personal information will be held in the strictest of confidence and will not be revealed even after(prenominal) the study has concluded. All participants will be required to sign a confidentiality statement and will be encouraged vehemently to concur with the foothold of the agreement.(Addressing the digital divideTechnology remains important in facilitated education across the board. Technology allows schools and teachers to carry out effective teaching and educational programs. Schools with well proficient equipments have been observed to perform better than those with poor technological facilities. Technology remains in schools and in programs to prevent school dropouts.The implications of lack of access to and or skill in using information Observations show that those schools with better technology have high chances of retaining their students in schools than those with poor technology. At the same time students who have access to computing devices and other technology equipments are like not to dropout of school than those who do not have the access to technology. Technology such as computer also allows a student to continue with studies for instance by use of distance learning which limits dropout rates. Thus, the badly impacted groups due to lack of technology will be students and teachersWays to change this lack of access and skills into easy and quick Students and schools can be assisted to access technology through grants and/or monetary or technology assistance to equip these schools. Students on the other hand can be trained on te chnology, given aid in terms of technology or learning materials on the technology. This has to be continuous process so that there lack of technology can be minimized through these programs. Also a program should be introduced in which to regularly train teachers on new technologies available so that they can be equipped with current technology.ConclusionThe issue of school dropouts remains crucial and alarming in the United States. Statistics continue to reveal that a large number of students dropout of schools before they can graduate. Thus, it is important that the issue be addressed fully, it has been noted that school dropout is a social issue that requires to be tackled by different ways to solve it. whatsoever of these ways include involving the community, counselling students and availing technology to both schools and students. However, school dropout problem will continue to challenge the education policy makers in the country.

Flight or Fight Response

Flight or Fight circumstantial Purpose Inform people about the Fight or Flight rejoinder and the better visualize the way the body responds to certain stress. I. Introduction Driving your parents home angiotensin converting enzyme night you begin to fall behind control of the car and crash. Youre able to escape the car unharmed, but notice one of your parents are stuck inner(a) with the door jammed and the car on fire. Your centre of attention rate begins to rise and you discover this surge of zipper flow through with(predicate) your body. You react and rip the door off the car and save your parent. This may penetrate like a story off a movie, but could and has actually happened in reality for more(prenominal) or less people.The surge of energy that allows our bodies to do extraordinary and unreal things is called epinephrin. This adrenaline comes from the bodys reception, which is called the Fight or Flight reply. Today Im going to inform you about the chemical sub stance adrenaline, what the stir or flying response is, and how it is both good and bad for us. A. Attention Getter Im going to lend oneself a narrative introduction, which involves loved ones in distress. B. Relevance to Audience Everyone will want to know how the booking or flight can be activated and also everyone experiences stress throughout their lives. C.Thesis What is the chemical adrenaline and the fight or flight response and also what are the pros and cons. D. Credibility I experience adrenaline in sports every day and have done many research papers on it in High School. E. Preview primary(prenominal) Points The main points include what adrenaline is, what the fight or flight response is and what the pros and cons are. F. Transition to First Main Point So whats adrenaline? Most of you might already know about it and may have experienced it in your life. II. First main point. The chemical adrenaline. A. epinephrin is a chemical reception that is produced by two adre nal glands, located by kidney. Harrison) 1. The glands produce the chemical and pump into the bloodstream when the body is exposed to a potential threat. (Harrison) 2. Since the adrenaline must go through the whole body, it may take a couple seconds to fully feel the effect of the adrenaline rush. a. It raises the heart rate and blood pressure. b. Changes the flow of the blood directly to the muscles. (This makes you faster and stronger. ) B. Some people have contrastive effects to it than others as well. 1. A person might feel energized, have a weak stomach, and or shaky and confused during the rush. ( Harrison) 2.Some people might veritable(a) feel like they are in slack motion or have tunnel vision. a. Sometimes may not feel pain at all. b. Not all these experiences may occur during the rush but some will. Transition to Second Main Point All of these effects are helping prepare the body to flee or fight. This is the fight or flight response. III. Second main point. Fight or Fl ight response. A. The fight or flight response is the bodys self-defense mechanism, that prepares the body to flee or fight from a formidable or harmful situation. (Babu) 1. When our bodies experience an overwhelming amount of stress that may seem harmful the reaction is triggered. . The action is able to be triggered because of the hypothalamus. Which is an area of the brain the starts a sequence of cell firing and chemical release that prepares our body. (Babu) a. People may be able to lift cars during the response or run at world record speeds. b. The chemical that is released is adrenaline. Transition to Third Main Point Now that you know what and how the response works, you need to know what the pros and cons are of the response. IV. Third main point. Pros and Cons. A. The pros of the response. 1. When the response is triggered it channelizes the flow of blood directly to our muscles and limbs more.Allowing us to be stronger and faster. 2. Also are pupils dilated and our ale rtness increases, allowing us to scan the environment. (Babu) a. All these signs allow the body to be put in the best physical and mental shape. B. Cons of the response. 1. As the response makes us more aware of things around us, some may become paranoid and hurt innocent people. 2. It can also change the way we feel pain. Our body might allow us to lift a car, but afterwards we may be feeling the pain of lifting the car. Some muscles might tear without us cognize. (Babu) C. Optional)So while the response might be good, it can also be very devastating. Transition to Conclusion Now knowing what adrenaline is, how it is used in the flight or fight response and the pros and cons of response, you can be more aware of your bodys reactions to harmful stress. V. Conclusion. A. Is included in the transition. B. So the next time you feel harmed or threatened, you will feel the adrenaline rush and activate your bodies fight flight response. And who knows may even pick up a car. Note Must me et collegiate standards of grammar, full Sentences throughout, double spaced, one inch margins, 12 inch Times New R

Rise of Industry in the Late 19th Century

During the 1860s the States was in a period of economic hardship due to the ongoing demand for materials and money to fund the war. In the South, adapted money and materials were hard to acquire because the southern economy still depended on the task of slaves to produce their goods and income preferably than factories. The Northern economy used many factories to produce goods and make profit for the war, but they still did non have technology that was advanced enough to easily produce each the necessary materials and money.After the courteous war, America embarked on a journey of economic expansion and unification for the commonwealth. In the late nineteenth century, government policies, technological advancements and population changes contributed to the splay of industry in America. M either government policies were created in the nineteenth century to encourage expansion and growth for America. Three very influential policies were the Homestead Act, the Pacific line Act and laissez-faire. The homestead act was passed by Congress in 1862 to encourage settlement of western land.It promised any citizen of the United States that was at least 21 years old a homestead of 160 landed estate under the terms that they paid a 10 dollar registration fee, farmed on the land for 5 years and lived on the land for at least 6 months out of a year. When passed, the act proven a success at allowing huge masses of people to further enlarge and develop America because settlers from all walks of life including newly arrived immigrants, farmers without land of their own from the East, single women and former slaves came to meet the requirements (Weiser).The pacific railroad line act of 1862 provided the Union Pacific and Central Pacific railroad companies with federal land grants and funds to name a transcontinental railway that would unite the country as one. With the completion of the railroad, industry had the opportunity to burn up across America because the tra nsportation cartridge holder of goods, capital, and people was significantly decreased and more effectual. Laissez-faire was a policy practiced by government that preached a free market economy.Under laissez-faire, the personal line of credits of America were able to grow and acquire larger sums of money because the government had little to no hurly burly in the actions of companies. In the 19th century as settlement and companies expanded across America, technological discoveries were being made as part of an industrial revolution that would further the efficiency and growth of industry. With the transcontinental railroad, the steamer engine could transport materials, machinery, goods and more to companies across America with much more ease than horses and wagons could in preliminary times.The invention of the telephone by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876 increased communication among people to help the coordination and cohesiveness of companies. One brilliant inventor, Thomas Alva Edison, provided the nation with numerous inventions, two of which were the illume bulb and the electric generator. As industrialization occurred, machinery was used to produce materials instead of human labor in order to increase production and profit. With the aid of Edisons electrical generator, the machines of textiles could work faster and more efficient to maximize benefits. as well, with the aid of the light bulb, textiles were able to have longer work hours and produce larger quantities because the confinement of daylight hours was no longer a problem. By the end of the nineteenth century, the nation was about to induce a mass-production economy because the utilization of steam and electricity, the introduction of improved processes and labor-saving machinery multiplied enormously the effectiveness of labor (Chandler 277 George 50).As America was booming from government policies and new technology, population changes also took effect to contribute to the rise of indus try. Population was steadily rising due to immigration, migration, and improved conditions of living. Millions of European and Asian immigrants came to America in expect of a more promising and successful life. These immigrants created a ripening work force that big industries took service of by using the minimally paid workers to help produce more for their companies.Along with westward migration in America, In the post-civil war period, cities swelled in population as a twin migration of immigrants and rural Americans flocked to the look urban environment (Riis 320). This urbanization solidified the transition of the nation from an agricultural economy to an industrial one. Also in the 19th century, population was at a high compared the past because of improvements in health care, a higher reproduction rate and a better standard of living. These population changes provided America with a large, growing consumer economy that allowed industry and business to thrive.Compared to p revious times, America ended the 19th century at an all time high due to new government policies, technological advancements and population changes. With the help of federal hike to settle westward and unite the country, industry was able to expand to more places across the nation. In these numerous factories, textiles and other working places, new machinery and technology was used to produce greater quantities in a shorter amounts of time which allowed industry to gain more profit and grow.These successful and innovative factories attracted immigrants and rural Americans, and pushed them to move to cities where industry and business could be a main focus. The growth of American industry in the 19th century took the nation to a whole new developmental level, and from there the nation continued to thrive and evolve. Citations Chandler, Alfred D. The Beginnings of Big phone line in American Industry. 1959. American Issues. New York Glencoe, 1994. 277-80. Print. Evans, Harold. The Sp ark of Genius. 2004. American History. Vol. 2. Dubuque McGraw Hill, 2007. 6-21. Print. George, Henry. Progress and Poverty. 1879. Americas History. Fourth ed. Vol. 2. Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 2001. 50-51. Print. Riis, Jacob. vivification in the Tenements of New York City. 1890. Voices of the American Past. Second ed. Vol. 2. Orlando Harcourt College, 2001. 320-22. Print. Story, Jill. Lecture. 27 Sept. 2010. Story, Jill. Lecture. 5 Oct. 2010. Weiser, Kathy. The Homestead Act Creating Prosperity in America. Legends of America A Travel Site for the Nostalgic and Historic Minded. Apr. 2010. Web. 12 Oct. 2010. .

Crime Data Comparison Essay

Crime is being commit every second of each day around the world. Citizens of certain communities view abhorrence as undesired and causes of unnecessary stressors, although citizens from the lower class hunting lodge view curse as a normal banal for everyday life. Certain hatreds across the United States can be directly associated with gender, ethnicity. For instance, woman shoplift to a greater extent than a man, and men conduct more godforsaken offenses such as murder, armed robbery, and assault ar associated with gender specific.The federal Bureau of Investigations implemented a country wide entropybase known as the furnish Crime Report, which compiles statistics of wretched offenses from 18,000 thousand agencies that record and report horror data to the Federal Bureau of Investigations. The ordered Crime Report is an essential tool for compargon and contrasting the crimes across the nation and various comp matchlessnts of crime causation. This paper will cover the v arious crime grade of Los Angeles, California, and genus Phoenix, Arizona, while employing the most recent statistics derived from the resembling Crime Report.The Federal Bureau of Investigations Uniform Crime Reports on numerous crimes that have a bun in the oven been committed in different argonas, and while emphasizing violent crimes. Violent crimes include acts as robbery, murder, flavorous rape, aggravated assault, and non-negligent manslaughter. In Los Angeles, California, has approximately 3,837,207 people as of 2011, and Phoenix, Arizona, has a state of 1,466,097 in 2011, which indicates the population coat is quite different. The obvious hypothesis is that Los Angeles posses two times the amount of population than that of Phoenix. The crime comparison data clearly illustrates per one hundred thousand people residing in Los Angeles, California, committed 20045 violent crimes than that reported crime in Phoenix, Arizona, which 8089 violent crimes in 2011.In 2011, Los An geles had reported 11956 more violent crimes than those comp ared to Phoenix. In 2011, according to the Federal Bureau of Investigations, the Los Angeles population commits 5.22% of violent crimesper 1,000 residents with a violent crime rate amount 20045 occurrences, whereas Phoenix has an estimated population of 5.52% of 1,000 residents has commit violent crimes with the occurrence of 8089 (Herald Review, 2013). This signifies that Los Angeles has almost double the amount of individuals with a proportion of 21, which nub that for every one individual residing in Phoenix, Arizona, there are two people in Los Angeles, California. The crime data indicates that Los Angeles has 44% less dangerous to live oppose to Phoenix.The crime data for Phoenix indicates that residents are 15.8% to get robbed, 2.2 % more likely to get murdered. Despite the number of citizens reported, the amount of crime committed has reveal-of-the-way(prenominal) greater ratio than that of Los Angeles (Herald Re view, 2013). According to the data retrieved from the Uniform Crime Report Los Angeles ranked 95 out of 459 cities throughout California for violent crimes, and Phoenix was ranked number 16 out of 67 cities for violent crimes. Los Angeles has 3.07% of violent crimes when compared to Phoenix, which has 4.64% violent crimes. Phoenix has 0.55% crime and 0.63% for Los Angeles. Los Angeles has the larger percentage because the population is larger.Although the crime rates for Los Angeles, and Phoenix did change between the years of 2011 and 2012, there was a huge change in crime rates. nonetheless though the rates of violent crimes have decreased by 1498 in Los Angeles, California, some crime rates have increased by 1345 in Phoenix, Arizona, although other crimes decreased.A number of factors take place regarding incidents of crimes and why they may have been committed that may explain the difference between the two. According to Schmalleger, hard determinism would be an acceptable unde rstanding of crime causation (Schmalleger, 2013, p. 62). To understand the factors of crime causation theories, theories of crime must be examined because there is more than one factor present when an individual commits a crime. These theories include reading surmisal, labeling opening, tender disorganization, trait theory, social conflict, choice theory, and life course theory.The social process theories, which include the labeling theory and learningtheory, take into thought that criminal behaviors in people are foreseeable establish on the interaction with her or his environment. The learning theory is based on the main root word that one must be taught both the emotional and practical skills that an individual will need to commit a crime. These skills are characteristically taught by a friend or family member who shows criminal behaviors them self. The labeling theory is founded on the idea that society creates criminals and crime by placing labels on people who show devi ancy. These labels may result in excluded from society and eventually could result in an individual to adopt the characteristics of that label (Gaines & Miller, 2006).The social disorganization theory is founded on the idea that criminal behavior is more likely to occur in areas where social organizations such as schools, family, and the justness system fail to apply control over the community. This means that if the laws, guidelines, and rules of the community or society are not being enforced, criminal exertion is more likely to be higher in those communities than those who do enforce the laws (Gaines & Miller, 2006).The trait theory is founded on the belief that psychological and biochemical conditions play a major(ip) role in one committing a criminal act. If one has a psychological disorder or a hormonal imbalance, there may be an increased chance that the individual is vulnerable to self-aggrandising into criminal urges. The choice theory is based on the belief that before one commits a criminal act, that individual weighs the possible benefits versus the costs of committing a crime. If that individual believes they have a greater chance of benefitting from that crime, she or he is most likely going to proceed with that crime (Gaines & Miller, 2006).According to Gaines and Miller, the life course theory is based on the thought that conduct problems such as stealing, lying, and bullying seen in childhood are strong indicators of someone showing future criminal behavior. The social conflict theory states that criminal behavior is founded on the conflict with a ruling social class labeling specific behaviors as illegal because of a social or an economic interest in protecting that communitysstatus quo.This is based on the belief that instead of laws showing the values of an entire society, the laws only exhibit the values of the a few(prenominal) in society that hold power, and has no oppositions in using the justice system as a means of ensuring that power is kept. If behaviors, such as these are not corrected later in ones life with improvements such as jobs and positive relationships, wrongful acts of behavior will continue to exist, mayhap leading to future criminal activity (2006).The life course theory could explain the differences of criminal activity between Los Angeles and Phoenix as well as the social process theory. The social process theory governs the labeling theory, and learning theory. The development of criminal behavior can be tri stille to the environmental conditions. In some(prenominal) cases investigating crime indicate that each crime is different, also the factors contributing to a certain crime can differ. The commonality between the two crime riddled metropolitan areas are the environmental conditions that recruit criminal behavior. In the end crime causation can be linked to several theories but unless mentally unstable should be able to tell right from wrong.ReferencesGaines, L. K. & Miller, R. L. (2 006). Criminal Justice in implement The Core. Retrieved fromhttp//search.proquest.com/docview/199569524?accountid=458Schmalleger, F. (2012). Criminology today An integrative introduction. (6th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ Prentice Hall, p.62. The Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2013). A contrive about UCR Data. Retrieved fromhttp//www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/word

Profit Margin and High End Segment

Cost Leadership After contemplating many contrastive dodge options and evaluating our commercializes, the Ferris group stubborn that we would utilize and follow a strategy discussed in chapter 6 of Wheelen and yearnings text1 cost leading. This strategy focuses on a abase-cost rivalrous strategy that aims at the broad plentifulness market and requires efficient scale facilities, cost reductions, and cost and overhead control. This strategy avoids marginal guests, and aims for cost minimization in R&D, service, sales force, and advertising. If utilise effectively, this strategy should reduce and control your labor and overhead cost. This would in turn decrease vari fitted star expenses and simultaneously amplify your contribution margins, and ultimately your crystalize amplifications. To follow this strategy, we decided to take the following actions 1. We refrained from introducing any smart fruits in array to prevent paying large start-up be without efficient funding . It would have been wise to introduce a refreshing point of intersection if we had more busts during the simulation.This would have allowed us to specialize in the markets we were efficient in and dropped those that were costing us specie. If we were to introduce a product however, to bet any benefits of this initiative during the simulation, the product would have had to been launched deep down the primary few rhythm method of birth controls. But, spending a hand of borrowed money early on in the simulation did non chip in sense for our cost leadership strategy. We would have had to wait until we could fund it with our retained earnings in order to be in conglutination with our strategy.However, this would non have been an option until the 3rd or 4th year, and by then lots as well late to see positive benefits by year 6. 2. We remained kinda frugal with our allocated expenses to marketing (promotion and sales budgets) to documentation our costs low and contribution margins high. 3. We decided to cast up our mechanization for products that did non have rapidly changing market buying criteria specifications (i. e. if expectations regarding size and performance stayed fairly similar throughout the six turns because their drift evaluate were small, then we increased automation for that particular landmark inside the first year). . We attempted to use a Just In Time (JIT) strategy which meant that we tried to calculate the exact quantity separately market would purchase of our products and we then produced only enough to have no more or no little on hand at the end of individually forecasted year. To calculate this precise forecast, in separately separate we took the actual sales from the precedent year and multiplied it by the market growth rate for the gibe market element. We then multiplied that number by a conservative (i. e. 90%) and optimistic (i. e. 10%) rate to get the respective marketing and production forecasts. The only t ime we produced a little high(prenominal) than the conservative forecast calculated using the above formula was if we stocked out of an item in the previous year and could then expect even higher sales the following year fundamentally preventing ourselves from short-changing our forecast for the next year. If this was the case for a previous year, we would be a little more raptorial with our forecast fro the following year and used conservative and optimistic rates of a smooth 90% and farseeing hundred% respectively. . We decided to decrease the Mean Time Before Failure (MTBF) of those products (The Traditional and unkept oddment atoms) in which MTBF as a buying criteria was not very important to the customer to the minimum specification inside the acceptable range to the customer (i. e. If the desired range for MTBF was 22,000 27,000 for a product that did not base much of their purchasing decision on MTBF, we would set the MTBF for that product at the minimum of 22,000).Thi s was done to nourishment costs low by decreasing the reliability (which saves money in production costs) of those products in which customers did not sh ar roughly the MTBF. Overall Company Performance Mistakes During the simulation, we made quite a few costly steals that mark us in a really bad spot in comparison to the other teams. These mistakes are as follows 1. We helpless the opport building blocky to launch a new product because right out of the gateway we were focused on the products we already had and making them all profitable.We were not willing to create a new product until we could finance the investment with our retained earnings instead of taking on debt to finance such a project. The problem was that it took us about 4 rounds to build up a cushion of specie that allowed us to feel comfortable making such an investment. Unfortunately, since it takes 2 rounds to launch a new product, we did not feel that the timing was right after round 4 because we would no t have generated profits for the new product by the end f the simulation we were unable to justify the investment for a ample term project with only 2 years left in the simulation. Therefore, we did not move speedily enough within the first few rounds in assessing our markets as a whole and making long term investment decisions. 2. My group was also quite concerned with not increasing debt and rather construction our retained earnings and collecting cash as a cushion. However, this tactic was not such a great one because it cost us points for wealth creation. We should have been using that saved cash to invest in our company, rather than hanging on to the money. . We never created any long term plans during the simulation. This was probably what cause to be perceived us the most because all we were focused on was the previous years results and how to make them increase. We never actually set specific goals which would have then forced us to create a expatiate plan of action to h elp us achieve those goals rather we were blindly just trying to be or stay profitable. 4. We continually implemented the same strategies that were not producing stellar results especially with regards to individual segments.We continually tried executing the same tactics (i. e. low cost, JIT, etc) without changing any details (i. e. more product development, tilting, etc) and kept hoping that things would get better. Our performance did get a little better within our underperforming segments after about 3 rounds, but not enough to push us ahead of our competition as a whole company. 5. We did not invest in automation for a few lines (Performance and Size) like we should have in the beginning.For whatever reason, a few team members believed that increasing the automation for a line that has a product with specifications that change rapidly from year to year (the High, Performance, and Size segments) was a bad idea. They were convinced that increasing the automation for these segmen ts would be useless and that it would in fact return to where it originally started at each year end. look back, we should have dramatically increased the automation for these segments to keep our variable costs low and in coincidence with our strategy. . One of our biggest problems was that we kept making mistakes that cost us immensely. Some of those mistakes include Wrong Growth Rate. We used an excel spreadsheet to particularize the forecasts for each segment throughout the entire simulation. However, we did not realize until we were making decisions for round 4 that the formulas were actually entered wrong into the spreadsheet and every segment was being forecasted at the Traditional segments growth rate rather than the actual growth rate that corresponded to each segment. Inversion of Specifications. We accidentally alter the size and performance specifications for the High termination segment during round 3. This dramatically reduced our net profit margin for this partic ular segment (Please see bring out 1). Sadly, this was originally one of our surmount markets and because of this mistake we missed a huge opportunity to increase our profits and perform well as a company. wide Revision Dates. We did not notice until the round 4 processed that the revision date for the High End segment for round 4 was not until 2 years later.Therefore, we were unable to keep the product for this segment competitive for the remainder of the simulation especially after our setback in round 3. In fact, this mistake dramatically diminish our contribution margin for this segment and even brought our net profit margin for the segment to a deep negative (Please see Exhibits 2 & 1 respectively). Again, we dramatically messed up one of our best selling products and were continually trying to play catch-up from our mistakes with this line therefore, we missed a huge opportunity to increase our profits.Performance Measures To determine whether or not our company was doing well, we assessed a few areas of the copestone Courier 1. Contribution bank Percentage (Please see Exhibit 3). We looked at this percentage after each round was processed to determine whether or not it was increasing. If it was not increasing, we knew that our strategy of lowering our costs was not effective for the round in query alerting us to lower our costs. 2. Contribution Margins (Please see Exhibit 2). We looked at the contribution margins for each segment to concentrate on each individually.Looking at whether or not the segment in question was increasing or decreasing was effective because it showed us which products were costing us the most in variable costs (i. e. materials, labor, etc) showing us which segments we needed to cut costs for. 3. Net Profit (Please see Exhibit 4). This was our first indicator on the courier as to whether or not we did well in the previous round. We started off doing pretty badly but by round 3, we brought our net profits up by about $5,200 from round 1. However, the mistakes mentioned above led to dramatic decrease the following year 4 that hurl us in an even worse spot than we were after round 1. Luckily, we made strides to overcome those obstacles (discussed under in the Product Line Performance section) which increased our profits the following year by about $9,500. 4. Net Profit Margins (Please see Exhibit 1). This measure was quite useful in determining how our net profits could be assessed for each segment. This told us the story of which products were profitable, which were most profitable, and which were actually costing us money to sell.Our goal for each round was to have each of the segments positive and turning a profit which we pure(a) in rounds 5 and 6, finally. Product Line Performance Errors We had many issues and made many errors with my particular line (High End fist) as mentioned above. During round 3, we inverted the performance and size specifications. In addition, during round 4 we did not r ealize that our revision date was 2 years away this meant that my product was unable to be competitive within its segment for 3 rounds and the remaining year was spent catching up to the competition.Once the mistakes were made, there was zip fastener we could do to correct our mistake. However, we did try to redirect our focus from staying competitive 100% within the High End segment with Fist, to using this product to be more competitive within the Traditional segment during round 4 while our revision date neared. To do this, we dropped the sell price from $39. 00/unit to $28. 00/unit. We did this for a touch of reasons 1. Fist lay most closely to the Traditional product on the perceptual map.Therefore, we figured we would make the most of our mistake, which could not be undone, by trying to stay competitive on the edge of some(prenominal) the High and Traditional markets. 2. Luckily, the lowest price within the range for the High End segment was $28. 00/unit and the highest pri ce within the range for the Traditional segment was $28. 00/unit as well. For this reason, we decided to sell Fist during the segments crisis at a price that was acceptable for both markets this was done in hopes of picking up customers from each market since we were well aware that we would not be very competitive during round 4 within the High End segment.Statistics/Performance Below is a table to show that we were steadily arise in our progress for Fist during the first 2 rounds and then our mistakes made this segment unprofitable during both rounds 3 and 4 (highlighted in grey) and decreased within every statistic (our customer satisfaction dropped due to the product not being competitive in the High End market, our contribution margin percentage dramatically decreased due to fewer sales/revenue, and our market share almost completely disappeared).During rounds 5 and 6, we were slowly climbing our way back to a profitable position for this segment once we were again able to rep osition Fist within the High End market we started to improve. High End Segment (Fist) Statistics Round123456 Revenue$21,615$27,099$17,301$22,253$23,470$32,026 food market Share19%20%11%6%12%17% Contribution Margin$7,823$9,624$4,735$4,105$6,698$9,929 Contribution %36%35%27%10%28%31% Net Margin$2,628$3,689($1,403)($1,028)$1,814$4,449 Customer Score242910111815 Functional Area Strategies and Performancelo0Due to my expertness with regards to my educational focus and previous work experience, my functional area was marketing (alongside Ashley Barnes). Unfortunately, we were not well certain about how to maximize our marketing efforts/investments (promotion and sales expenses) for the simulation until round 4. Promotion and gross revenue We signly remained quite frugal with our promotion and sales budgets to keep our costs low and contribution margins high in order to follow our cost leadership strategy previously.However, by investing larger amounts into sales and promotion within t he first two rounds, we would have better followed our strategy. This would have been the case because we would have paid less in expenses in the later rounds since we wouldve only had to invest enough to maintain our accessibility and awareness percentages after the initial higher investments essentially reaping more benefits in the later rounds of our early investments. After we learned of the formulas for producing good customer survey results however, we did quite well in certain segments.For example, we blindly allocated money to our Size segment during the first 3 rounds and slowly climbed our customer survey score. However, once we learned how to use the formulas given in the Capstone Debrief Rubric, we were able to go from a customer survey score of 16 in round 3, to a 50 in round 4, and even higher to a 57 in round 5. The formula we used came from the Capstone Debrief Rubric and stated that in order to get 3 Points The promotional budget had to lie in surrounded by $1. 4M and $2M. The Sales budget had to lie in between $2. 2M and $3M. 2 Points The promotional budget had to lie in between $1M and $1. 4M or in between $2M and $2. 5M. The Sales budget had to lie in between $1. 5M and $2. 2M. 1 Point The promotional budget had to lie in between $. 7M and $1M or in between $2. 5M and $3M. The Sales budget had to lie in between $. 7M and $1. 5M. 0 Points The promotional budget had to be lower than $. 7M or higher than $3M. The Sales budget had to be lower than $. 7M or higher than $3M. Once we started to use these formulas, we were able to allocate the right amount of funding to each segment that was appropriate.For example if a certain segment was projected to lose money by allocating $1. 4M to the promotional budget to get the full 3 points, we would cut the budget to about $1M and still be able to get 2 points without jeopardizing our contribution margin. This is proven in the Capstone Debrief Rubric we were allocated 3 points to our higher performi ng segments (Traditional, Low, and High) for rounds 4, 5, and 6 but were only granted 2 points for our lower performing segments (Performance and Size).In addition, we always strived to keep our size and performance specifications at exactly the current buying criteria plus the drift rates draw on page 2 of the Industry Conditions Report. This would keep the product at what the customer expected so that they were receiving what they were asking for. Customer Buying Criteria We made it a priority to keep our prices as high as we could in each segment without disappointing our customers this was our way of aligning our marketing strategies with our overall company strategy of cost leadership.We noted what criteria were most important to the customer to determine if we could increase our prices for each product. For example expenditure was the least important buying criteria within the Size segment meaning that these customers were not as minute to price changes/increases. Therefore , we were able to charge closer to the high price for the Size segment product (Fume) because this increase would not really affect the market buying decisions for the Size segment much unlike the Low End segment

Efficient Pricing of Geomarketing Internet Services Essay

AbstractGeomarketing randomness is info which modifys the drug drug user to as sure better and swift decisions slightly marketing and sales activities. The main source of instruction ar geographic, demographic, and statistic in organizeation. These info atomic number 18 usually collected and maintained by several institutions and acclaim in a variety of forms and formats. The final integrators acquire datasets, sort, filter and organize them, and offer in advance defined analyses. In this paper we focus on geomarketing attend tos offered on the net income where usually no physical heavy is exchanged. The subject of trade is geomarketing information the user is able to extract from the datasets. The main issue is how to set a P beto cost-effective determine for geomarketing information. The situation is Pargonto efficient when the sum of users and service suppliers surplus is maximized. We investigate nonlinear wrong strategies and their competency to serve mass markets and attract users with diametric spontaneousness to stick out.nonlinear set is apply in a broader sense to include the practice of selling the analogous information mathematical crossroad on various vertical markets at prices that be not in proportion to the differences in b clubline cost. The market research for the GISMO project (Krek et al. 2000) showed that the US market differs substantially from the European. It has characteristics of a commodity market, where providers offer very similar or equal increases at similar prices. This is feasible simply if the prices for nude datasets, which represent the main barrier to enter the market, are impression or nix. Competition among service providers drives prices dispirited and enables them to successfully serve a mass market. The European approach is mostly determined by the spunky prices of datasets and restrictions on the repeatright forced by the National Mapping Agencies. This prevents further produc tion and creation of information products and serves exactly a narrow group of users with high uncoercedness to ease up. We disposition the most strategic conditions for Pareto efficient nonlinear set of geoinformation services.1 Introduction Price is a very important element of trade. It can only be discussed in relation to what is offered, how much value the potential user attaches to the product and how much he is willing to pay for it. A geomarketing service in this paper serves as an example for a geoinformation service in general where a Geoinformation product is traded. A Geoinformation product is defined as a circumstantial piece of geoinformation which provides an answer to a particular users question. The provider of a geoinformation service has to use up the medium of delivery and the price for the service.We concentrate on geomarketing services provided online through the Internet. The service is mostly do automatically, and not by a human. Usually no physical g ood is exchanged. Gathering information about the product, placing the shape, and payment is done over electronic network. In the sections 5 and 6 we analyze distinguishable pricing strategies for geographic information and their Pareto efficiency. The s ituation is called to be Pareto efficient when the users and service providers surplus is maximized. We review fringy cost and nonlinear pricing and explain in which cases they conform to the Pareto efficiency. panorama a price equal to marginal cost is not sparingally viable since such a price does not shroud fixed cost. Some examples of nonlinear pricing, such as measurement discounts, term-volume commitments, and list of price options satisfy the Pareto efficiency requirement if certain conditions are satisfied.We conclude with the list of the most important conditions for the Pareto efficient pricing of geomarketing service. They can be applied to geoinformation services in general. 2 Geomarketing Services A geomarketing service is a service of providing geomarketing information to the user. Geomarketing information is information which enables the user to take better and faster decisions about marketing and sales activities. This information can be delivered to the user in a different form, format and through different media. Geomarketing information is gathered from internal companys data, which are feature with external demographic, statistic and geographic data. A geoinformation that satisfies a particular information need in a particularised decision making situation is called a Geoinformation product.2.1 Geomarketing Data Geomarketing data consists of internal companys data and external data. Internal data (the rate of sale, current customers profiles, etc.) is collected and maintained by the company itself. out-of-door data comes in a variety of formats and forms, as a collection of numbers, reports, maps, etc., and is gathered by different institutions. Demographic and statistic data is collected and maintained by Statistical Offices and aggregated to a certain extent. geographical data is provided in Europe mostly by National Mapping Agencies, in USA by the US Geological Survey (USGS). Because of this broad variety of data, their structure, content and formats, they cannot be easily integrated and are not straightforward usable by a non-technical user. 2.2. Geomarketing Information a Product The source of geomarketing information is geomarketing data. Specialized companies collect the data from different sources, combine them, sort and filter them.For example, the statistical and demographic data go spatial dimension, which is usually given by the street name and house number. This data has to be geocoded in order to link the attributes (purchasing power, age, educational structure, etc.) with geographic data. The providers identify dimensions of data that are valuable for a certain group of users, package them and offer them as a Geoinformation product. A Geoin formation product is a special(prenominal) piece of geoinformation which provides an answer to a particular users question. The answer to the question can come in many different forms as a selected dataset, combination of datasets, a report, a map, etc. To withdraw the geomarketing service feasible, some in advance designed steps and analyses are offered to the user. The most common are customer profile, site selection, and market penetration.3 Internet as a Medium of Delivery The Internet changes the way transactions are done. User and seller can enter an electronic relationship without ad hominem contact. The buyer can place an order any time (from the seat at home, late in the evening) and can take as much time as he wants or needs to take the decision about the purchase. Searching for the right product over e-network, he can get comparable with(predicate) information about similar products from other companies, their characteristics and prices. Cooperation with potential and current users of geoinformation services is important. In the Internet world, the disturbance between service-consumers and services-providers blurs. Consumers become involved in the actual production process, their ideas, knowledge, information become part of the product specification process (Tapscott 1996). In a geomarketing service, usually no physical good is exchanged. The user gets o the result of nly the analysis, the answer to his question.Even more advanced geomarketing services offer the possibility of uploading the data of the user on the providers server and combining these data with the collection of the data on the server. A service offered via Internet involves less administration, paper work, and less human resources, which reduces transaction costs. Direct connection to the electronic computer accounting system can provide systematic and efficient registration of the transactions. Security and protection mechanisms enable the service provider to follow and contr ol transactions. Selecting a proper pricing policy in order to attract widespread use of the service is of great importance. In the next sections, we review marginal cost and nonlinear pricing, and analyze their Pareto efficiency. 4 Pareto Efficiency The situation is Pareto efficient if there is no way to affect both the user and the service provider better off. The sum of the users and providers surplus is maximized.It can be a understood lso as maximizing the difference between economic benefits and costs which appear on the users as well as on the providers side. The economic benefits are the benefits of using the product on the product has to him with his willingness to pay for the marginal unit of measurement of the product. If he expects high benefits, he will be willing to pay a high price for the product. monetary value incurred on the provider side is mostly high fixed cost of conniving and creating the Geoinformation product and enabling the service, and low marginal co st of providing an incremental unit of the product. The users cost is the price he pays for the product, the transaction cost and the cost associated with acquiring the information about the product. 5 Marginal Cost Pricing and Pareto Efficiency Marginal cost pricing is pricing where the price equals the marginal cost.The cost of an economic good is an important determinant of how much the producer will be willing to produce. The concept of marginal or extra cost is crucial for the situation on the market of economic goods. It has an important type in appraising how efficient or inefficient any particular price and production regulation is (Samuelson 1967). This observation is valuable for the standard economic good where the pith cost of producing the product depends on the bill produced. The cost structure a Geoinformation product substantially differs from the cost structure of the standard economic good. The total cost of producing the product is mostly a high fixed cost of collecting the data and designing the product, and is not recoverable if the production is halted (sunk cost).The marginal cost of producing t e second and each spare copy of the product is h very low or zero, mostly the cost of disseminating the product. The share of the marginal cost in the total cost of production is negligible. Marginal cost pricing of a Geoinformation product would according to the marginal cost pricing shunning imply very low or zero price. Pricing at marginal cost may or may not be efficient it depends on how the consumers total willingness to pay relates to the total cost of providing the good (Varian 1999). At the first stage of the production, the datasets build low value to most users and they cast off low willingness to pay for them. The high cost of producing the datasets cannot be recovered. M arginal cost pricing does not imply efficiency because it does not cover the total costs of producing a Geoinformation product. 6 Nonlinear Pricing and Paret o Efficiency Pricing is nonlinear when it is not strictly proportional to the quantity purchased. contrastive prices are charged to different groups of buyers or the same product. Nonlinear pricing is also apply in a f broader sense to include the practice of selling the same product on different markets at prices that are not in proportion to the differences in marginal cost. Good examples are phone rates, frequent flyer programs, and electricity (Wilson 1993). The first notion about charging different users differently for the same product was called price unlikeness (Pigou 1920) and distinguished among three different forms of inequality. 6.1 Price Discrimination Pigou (Pigou 1920) first used the term price disagreement and he described the following forms of nonlinear pricing First-degree price discrimination The first-degree price discrimination is sometimes known as perfect price discrimination. The producer sells different units of yield at different prices and these pri ces may differ from buyer to buyer. The buyer pays the maximum price that he is willing to pay, irrespective of the cost of production and supply.Usually it is difficult to determine what is the maximum price someone is willing to pay for the product. Second-degree price discrimination The producer sells different units of production at different prices, but each individual who buys t e h same amount of the good pays the same price. Second-degree price discrimination is much more common in practice. Good examples of this discrimination are volume discounts and coupons. Third-degree price discrimination The producer sells the output to different people at different prices, but every unit of output sold to a given person sells at the same price.Customers are divided into more groups, which have different pick up curves and different price elasticity. The highest price is charged to the groups with the lowest elasticity. Examples of this discrimination are scholar discounts. 6.2 Two-part Tariff Two-part duty is an example of a nonlinear pricing and consists of two parts. The first part of the responsibility usually comes in the form of a membership, an one-year or monthly license and is supposed to cover fixed cost. The second part of the tariff is related to the use of goods and services (number of reports transferred, number of bits, layers, etc.) and covers the incremental cost. This pricing scheme is much used in telecommunication. Users are charged for the connection to the network and extraly for the usage. Two-part tariff pricing scheme can be very naturally applied to a geomarketing service. The first part of the tariff represents a membership give, an annual or monthly licence for access to the data, reports and maps the second part is an additional fee usually based on the volume transferred. Price P for a geoinformation service is consequently P = p0 + p v.q where p0 pv q fixed fee (annual, monthly, membership, etc.) price set for a vo lume transferred quantity transferred.The tax revenue collected from the first part of the tariff (p0 ) is supposed to cover the fixed cost of producing the first copy of the Geoinformation product. The price of u sage (pv ) should cover the incremental cost and the cost of transaction. The combination of the membership and usage constructed for the predicted demand is set so that the companys total cost is recovered. How high the fixed fee and the price of usage s hould be is animportant question. Availability of the raw data at low price will change the nature of the market. The price for both parts of the tariff (p0 and pv ) will form according to the equilibrium rules of supply and demand. 6.3 Pareto Efficiency of the Two-part Tariff Two-part tariff can disadvantage a certain segment of the users. Imagine a geomarketing service company offering geographic data over the Internet.For the restraint of reasoning, imagine there exist two segments of users those who use data on a reg ular initiation and have a high willingness to pay (governmental institutions, ministries, utilities, etc.), and those who seldom need data (students, individuals, piddling and medium companies, etc.) and have low willingness to pay. In this case, a high fixed fee excludes the users with low willingness to pay, occasional users who need only a small volume of the data and are not willing to pay an annual membership fee or a license. The necessary condition for Pareto efficiency is not satisfied. 6.4 Quantity Discounts Quantity discounts are a form of a nonlinear price where the provider charges a lower price for a higher volume purchased.The opportunity of selling high volumes at a low price is often neglected in geoinformation business. Increased revenue from the higher volume at lower price enables the provider to improve the service and reduce prices for all users. The quantity discounts are usually designed in order to stimulate sales, but can complicate the rush and accounti ng system. Pareto efficiency of quantity discounts depends on the volume-price categories offered by the service provider. This pricing strategy might disadvantage users with low willingness to pay, not being able to pay nor interested in purchasing higher volumes.6.5 Term-Volume Commitments According to this strategy the user agrees with the service provider to pay a certain amount of money for the service in advance. The payment is set according to the predicted demand for the service. This kind of agreement usually involves some discounts, because the whole payment is done at once and at the beginning of the period. Short-term contracts involve lower reduction in price than longer contracts. This strategy reduces billing and accounting cost and is often used by Internet providers. For example, a one-year-term commitment to spend $2000/month obtains a discount of 18% (Gong and Srinagesh 1998), for the 5 -year contracts the Internet providers use up to 60% discount. Term-volume com mitments satisfy the Pareto efficiency requirement if the user can choose among different schemes and are designed indiscriminately.6.6 List of Price Options Different pricing options can be combined and offered as a list of price options. In geomarketing services, the two-part tariff is often combined with an additional pricing option, the uniform pricing scheme. Under the uniform pricing scheme, the user pays the price (p2 ), which is proportional to the data transferred. Usually the tariff per volume purchased (p2 ) is higher in the uniform pricing scheme than the price (p1 ) proposed in the two-part tariff scheme, but the user need not pay an annual membership fee or license. The user profits if he is an occasional user, who needs a small volume of data. The sum he is willing to pay in this case is lower than the annual membership or license fee plus the cost of the data transferred.